Section 13 – Appendix
12.3 Swimming Pools / Fountains/ Water Features Frequently Asked Questions
1. What underlayments are acceptable to receive ceramic tile or stone in a pool or water feature?
There are several acceptable substrates for ceramic tile or stone in submerged applications. Among them are concrete, masonry surfaces, brick, block, stainless steel, and cement plaster.
2. How do I determine which size notch trowel to use for my tile or stone installation?
Check your bond to verify the appropriate continuous thin set mortar coverage. Wet area installations should achieve a minimum coverage of 95%. Back buttering the tile or stone will help achieve a greater percentage of coverage.
All tiles or stones (wall or floor) using a thin set mortar - up to 4" × 4" (100 mm × 100 mm) use a 1/4" × 1/4" (6 mm × 6 mm) square or loop notch trowel.
All tiles or stones (wall or floor) using a thin set mortar - up to 16" × 16" (400 mm × 400 mm) use a 1/4" × 3/8" (6mm × 9mm) square or loop notch trowel.
All tiles or stones (wall or floor) using a thin set mortar greater than 16" × 16" (400 mm × 400 mm) use a 1/2" × 1/2" (12 mm × 12 mm) square notch or a 3/4" (19 mm) loop notch trowel
3. How long must I wait before installing LATICRETE® 9235 Waterproofing Membrane or LATICRETE Hydro Ban™?
Most surfaces can be covered with no wait time. Some exceptions are:
New Concrete – minimum 14 days at 70°F (21°C)
Latex mortar beds – 72 hours at 70°F (21°C) or until sufficiently dry
Leveling or patching materials- see instructions for cure times of those products. Refer to How to Install LATICRETE® Membranes (WPAF.5) and LATICRETE Hydro Ban™ Installation Instructions (DS 663.5) for additional information.
Related Documents:
LATICRETE Hydro Ban Installation Instructions (DS 663.5)
LATICRETE How to Install LATICRETE Membranes (DS WPAF.5)
4. How soon can I install tile over LATICRETE 9235 Waterproofing Membrane or LATICRETE Hydro Ban?
As soon as membrane is dry to the touch. Usually 4–6 hours at 70°F (21°C) after last coat of liquid. Refer to How to Install LATICRETE Membranes (WPAF.5) or LATICRETE Hydro Ban Installation Instructions (DS 663.5) for additional information. However, if a flood test is required, LATICRETE 9235 Waterproofing Membrane requires a 7 day cure time at 70°F (21°C) before flood testing can commence. LATICRETE Hydro Ban requires a 2 hour cure time at 70°F (21°C) or higher and 24 hour cure time at 50°F (10°C) to 69°F (20°C) after second coat has dried prior to flood testing.
Related Documents:
LATICRETE 9235 Waterproofing Membrane DS 236.0
LATICRETE Hydro Ban DS 663.0
LATICRETE Hydro Ban Installation Instructions DS 663.5
LATICRETE How to Install LATICRETE Membranes DS WPAF.5
5. What types of Warranty does LATICRETE offer for wet area applications?
LATICRETE offers 3 different warranties for installation of tile and stone in submerged applications. For more information on LATICRETE warranties please visit www.laticrete.com.
Related Documents:
LATICRETE Product Warranty (1 Year) DS 230.13
LATICRETE 25 Year Systems Warranty DS 025.0
LATICRETE 10 Year Systems Warranty DS 230.12
6. How do I prepare a concrete substrate to receive ceramic tile or a waterproofing membrane?
Make sure that the existing concrete is clean, dry, structurally sound and free from any bond breaking or bond inhibiting materials. Bond inhibiting materials can include, but are not limited to, sealers, waxes, oils, curing compounds, dirt, grease, form releases, paint, old adhesives, laitance from over finishing, etc. If these materials are present on the concrete, they must be completely removed prior to any direct bond installations of tile or stone. Additionally, the industry tolerance for substrate flatness is to have no variance greater than 1/4" in 10' (6 mm in 3 m). Use a LATICRETE Latex Fortified Underlayment/Patching material to accomplish this. (e.g. LATICRETE 211 Powder mixed with LATICRETE 4237 Latex Additive; or, LATICRETE 254 Platinum for patching depths from a feather-edge to 1/2" (0–12 mm). Use LATICRETE 3701 Fortified Mortar Bed, or, LATICRETE 226 Thick Bed Mortar mixed with LATICRETE 3701 Mortar Admix to float walls and to screed floors. A slurry bond coat of LATICRETE 254 Platinum; or, LATICRETE 211 Powder gauged with LATICRETE 4237 Latex Additive is required under dry pack screeds and bonded mortar beds.
Related Documents:
Preparation of Concrete Slabs TDS 118
7. How do I prepare walls and floors for a thin set application?
Make sure that the existing surface is clean, dry, structurally sound and free from any bond breaking or bond inhibiting materials. Bond inhibiting materials can include, but are not limited to, sealers, waxes, oils, curing compounds, dirt, grease, form releases, paint, old adhesives, laitance from over-finishing, etc. If these materials are present on the concrete, they must be completely removed prior to any direct bond installations of tile or stone. Additionally, the industry tolerance for substrate flatness is to have no variance greater than 1/4" in 10' in 10' (6 mm in 3 m). Use a suitable LATICRETE Latex Fortified Underlayment/Patching material to accomplish this. [e.g. LATICRETE 211 Powder gauged with LATICRETE 4237 Additive; or, LATICRETE 254 Platinum from a feather-edge to 3/8" (0–9 mm)].
Related Documents:
Preparation of Wall and Floor Mortars for Thin Bed Installations TDS 146
Detail for installation of tile in concrete pools ES-P601
8. What adhesives are acceptable for installing tile over LATICRETE 9235 Waterproofing Membrane or LATICRETE Hydro Ban in submerged applications?
LATAPOXY® 300 Adhesive
LATICRETE 211 Powder gauged with LATICRETE 4237 Latex Additive
LATICRETE 254 Platinum
LATICRETE 3701 Mortar Admix mixed with LATICRETE 272 Mortar
LATICRETE 3701 Mortar Admix mixed with LATICRETE 317
Related Documents:
LATICRETE 9235 Waterproofing Membrane DS 236.0
LATICRETE Hydro Ban DS 663.0
LATAPOXY 300 Adhesive DS 633.0
LATAPOXY 210 Adhesive DS 630.0
LATICRETE 211 Powder DS 239.0
LATICRETE 4237 Latex Additive DS 230.1
LATICRETE 254 Platinum DS 677.0
LATICRETE 272 Mortar DS 259.0
LATICRETE 317 DS 317.0
LATICRETE 3701 Mortar Admix DS 231.0
LATICRETE Installation Instructions for Membranes (DS WPAF.5)
LATICRETE Hydro Ban Installation Instructions (DS 663.5)
9. What approvals are available for LATICRETE® 9235 Waterproofing Membrane and LATICRETE Hydro Ban™?
Related Documents:
IAPMO Waterproofing Membrane Approval For Shower Pan/Waterproofing Membrane – File No. 3524 (www.icc-es.org)
ICC ES Evaluation Report – LATICRETE® Hydro Ban™ Shower Pan/Waterproofing Membrane – ESR-2417 (www.icc-es.org/pmg)
ICC PMG Listing – LATICRETE 9235 Waterproofing Membrane – PMG-1005
City of Los Angeles Approval for 9235 Shower Pan / Waterproofing Membrane
10. Will LATICRETE 9235 Waterproofing Membrane or LATICRETE Hydro Ban control moisture or water from entering the underside of the tile system due to negative hydrostatic pressure or excessive moisture content?
No! LATICRETE 9235 Waterproofing Membrane and LATICRETE Hydro Ban are both designed to contain water from the positive side only. These products are not recommended where negative hydrostatic pressure or excessive moisture vapor transmission exists. The moisture vapor emission rate should not exceed 5 lbs./1,000ft2/24 hours (283 µg/s m2) as tested per ASTM F1869 or 75% RH as measured with in situ moisture probes (ASTM F2170).
Related Documents:
LATICRETE 9235 Waterproofing Membrane DS 236.0
LATICRETE Hydro Ban DS 663.0
LATICRETE Installation Instructions for Membranes (DS WPAF.5)
LATICRETE Hydro Ban Installation Instructions (DS 663.5)
11. How soon can I fill a water feature for use?
The installation must cure for a full 14 days after the final grouting period at 70°F (21°C) if a latex fortified portland cement based grout (e.g. LATICRETE PermaColor™ Grout) is used, or 10 days if an epoxy based grout (e.g. LATICRETE SpectraLOCK® PRO Grout*) is used.
Related Documents:
Installation of Tile in Swimming Pools TDS 192
12.What types of sealant are compatible with LATICRETE 9235 Waterproofing Membrane or LATICRETE Hydro Ban?
Use LATICRETE Latasil along with LATICRETE Latasil 9118 Primer for submerged installations or in steam rooms
Related Documents:
Detail ES-WP300
LATICRETE Latasil™ DS 6200.1
LATICRETE Latasil 9118 Primer DS6528.1
LATICRETE Installation Instructions for Membranes (DS WPAF.5)
LATICRETE Hydro Ban Installation Instructions (DS 663.5)
13. How do I treat the drains when using LATICRETE 9235 Waterproofing Membrane or LATICRETE Hydro Ban?
You must use a 2-part clamping ring style drain. The LATICRETE waterproofing membranes must be installed down into the drain assembly and clamped down.
Related Documents:
Drawing WP301
LATICRETE Installation Instructions for Membranes (DS WPAF.5)
LATICRETE Hydro Ban Installation Instructions (DS 663.5)
14. If I find an air bubble or blister in the waterproofing membrane, what can I do?
When using LATICRETE 9235 Waterproofing Membrane cut out the bubble or blister back to sound and well-adhered membrane. Apply a liberal amount of waterproofing liquid overlapping the existing membrane by 6" (150 mm). Place the reinforcing membrane fabric into the liquid and immediately coat with additional waterproofing liquid. Allow to dry for 2 hours and topcoat with a final application of waterproofing liquid. When using LATICRETE Hydro Ban, simply cut out the blister back to sound and well-adhered membrane and apply the membrane liquid in accord with the installation instructions overlapping the existing membrane by 6" (150 mm).
Related Documents:
LATICRETE 9235 Waterproofing Membrane DS 236.0
LATICRETE Hydro Ban DS 663.0
LATICRETE Installation Instructions for Membranes (DS WPAF.5)
LATICRETE Hydro Ban Installation Instructions (DS 663.5)
15. Which latex fortified portland cement based thin set mortar do I use in Swimming Pools?
LATICRETE 211 Powder mixed with LATICRETE 4237 Latex Additive; LATICRETE 254 Platinum; LATICRETE 272 Mortar mixed with LATICRETE 3701 Mortar Admix; or LATICRETE 317 mixed with LATICRETE 3701 Mortar Admix are outstanding choices for installing tile which will be used for submerged applications.
Related Documents:
Detail ES-P601
Installation of Ceramic Tile in Swimming Pools TDS 192
16. Which latex fortified portland cement based thin set mortar can I use to Install glass mosaics in water features?
For the conventional two-step process of thin-setting and grouting, use LATICRETE 211 Powder gauged with LATICRETE 4237 Latex Additive; or, LATICRETE 254 Platinum. Another option would be to use the one-step method of installation and grouting, using LATICRETE 1500 Sanded Grout mixed with LATICRETE 4237 Latex Additive. It is always a good idea to check with the glass mosaic manufacturer for information on the use and installation of their products in a pool, fountain, spa, or water feature.
Related Documents:
Installation of Glass Mosaic Tile TDS145
17. What are the most common grout problems in swimming pools, and how do I avoid them?
Poor installation technique can lead to many types of problems (e.g. shading, blotching, shrinkage cracks, powdering and efflorescence).
Improper pool water maintenance can also lead to significant grout problems. Please refer to Section 11 of this manual for more information.
The best way to avoid these problems is to use LATICRETE SpectraLOCK PRO Grout; LATICRETE PermaColor Grout; or, LATICRETE 1500 Sanded Grout gauged with LATICRETE 1776 Grout Enhancer.
For more information on how to prevent grout problems, please refer to TDS201 or TDS 212.
Related Documents:
LATICRETE Grout Troubleshooting Guide (TDS201)
LATICRETE SpectraLOCK PRO Grout Troubleshooting Guide (TDS 212)
LATICRETE SpectraLOCK PRO Grout DS685.0
LATICRETE SpectraLOCK PRO Grout Installation Instructions (685.5)
† United States Invention Patent No.: 6881768 (and other Patents)
12.4 Glossary1
ABRASION HAZARD – A surface that presents an unreasonable risk of irritation to the skin upon contact.
ACCESSIBLE – Designed to include physically challenged users.
ACID – A liquid or dry chemical used to lower the pH and/or alkalinity of pool or spa water.
ACIDIC – Having a pH below 7.0. Opposite of base.
ACID WASH – A procedure using an acid solution to clean the interior surface of a pool, with subsequent neutralization of the acid.
ACTION POOL – A wave pool that generates standing waves in an assortment of patterns.
ACTIVATED CARBON – A charcoal-like material used to remove colors, odors and/or excess oxidizer from water.
ACTIVITY POOL – A pool designed primarily for play activity that uses constructed features and devices, including lily pad walks, flotation devices, small slides and similar attractions.
ADMIXTURE – A material other than water, aggregates or hydraulic cement which is used as an ingredient of grout or mortar and which is added immediately before or during it’s mixing.
AF – Abbreviation for the alkalinity factor in calculating the saturation index of water.
AGGLOMERATE TILE – A man-made stone product generally consisting of either crushed marble, granite or quartz chips with a matrix of resins and mineral pigments.
AGGRESSIVE WATER – Water that is corrosive because it is low in pH and/or calcium hardness and/or total alkalinity.
AIR CHANNEL – A system for introducing a volume of air into hollow ducting built into a spa floor, bench or other location, activated by a separate air power unit (blower).
AIR CONTROL – A means for spas and hot tubs to regulate air flow in the air induction system, thereby increasing or decreasing hydrotherapy action.
AIR INDUCTION SYSTEM – A plumbing system that provides the source of air for the air/water mixture to a hydrotherapy jet.
AIR PUMP ASSIST BACKWASH – The compression of a volume of air in the filter chamber (by means of an air compressor) which, when released, rapidly decompresses and forces water through the filter chamber elements in reverse. This dislodges the filter aid and accumulated dirt, allowing it to be carried to waste.
AIR SWITCH SYSTEM – An isolated device that sends a pulse of air down a tube to remotely operate electrical equipment.
ALGAE – Microscopic plant-like organisms that contain chlorophyll.
ALGAECIDE (Also Spelled Algicide) – Any chemical or material that kills algae.
ALGISTAT – Any substance or agent that inhibits the growth of algae.
ALKALI – A term applied to bases, usually carbonates and hydroxides, which raise the pH and alkalinity when added to water.
ALKALINE – Having a pH above 7.0.
ALKALINITY – see Total Alkalinity.
ALKALINITY FACTOR (AF) – Used to calculate the Saturation Index of water.
ALUM (Aluminum Sulfates) – A compound used to cause suspended solids in water to form filterable masses (flocculate).
AMPHOTERIC – Having the ability to serve as either an acid or a base.
ANCILLARY FACILITY – An area used in conjunction with a pool, such as a public locker, shower, bathroom or dressing area; equipment room; pool deck; or building space intended to be used by pool users.
ANTIVORTEX DRAIN COVER (Antivortex Plate or Cover) – A plate or cover that is affixed to the main outlet of a swimming pool or spa to prevent a vortex from forming as water passes through to the main outlet.
AVAILABLE CHLORINE – A rating of a chemical's total chlorine content, based on a comparison to elemental (gaseous) chlorine having 100 percent available chlorine.
BACK-BUTTER – The spreading of a bond coat to the back of tile or stone just before it is placed to improve coverage of the mortar.
BACK PRESSURE – Resistance to flow, normally expressed in pounds per square inch (kilograms per square centimeter).
BACTERIA – Single-celled microorganisms of various forms, some of which cause infections or disease.
BACTERICIDE – Any chemical that kills bacteria.
BACKWASH – The process of cleansing the filter medium and/or elements by the reverse flow of water through the filter.
BACKWASH CYCLE – The time required to backwash the filter medium and/or elements and to remove debris in the filter vessel.
BACKWASH RATE – The rate of flow water through the filter medium per unit of area (U.S. gallons per minute per square foot).
BALANCE – In pools and spas, refers to a condition of the water that is neither scaling nor corrosive.
BALL VALVE – A device that can partially or totally obstruct the flow of water, using a ball shaped diverter.
BARRIER – A means to limit, delay or restrict access to a pool, spa or hot tub (refer to ANSI/ NSPI-8 Model Barrier Code for Residential Swimming Pools, Spas and Hot Tubs).
BASE – A chemical used to raise the pH and/or total alkalinity of pool or spa water. Opposite of acid.
BASE DEMAND – A measure of the amount of alkaline material required to raise the pH to a predetermined level. This can be accomplished by use of a base demand test, whereby a standard base is added by drops to the pH test solution until the desired pH is reached.
BASIC – Having a pH above 7.0. Opposite of acidic.
BATHER – Any person using a pool, spa or hot tub and adjoining deck area for the purpose of water sports, recreation, therapy or related activities. Also user.
BATHER LOAD–See USER LOAD.
BEACH ENTRY or ZERO ENTRY – A sloping entry starting above the waterline at deck level and ending below the waterline in a pool or spa. (Does not refer to sand only.)
BEGINNER'S AREA – In a pool, a water area that is three feet or less in depth.
BLEACH (Sodium Hypochlorite) – Also called liquid chlorine. A chlorine source typically having between 5- and 16 percent available chlorine.
BODY COAT – A layer of diatomaceous earth or similar material on a filter element that acts as the filtering medium.
BODY FEED – A controlled amount of diatomaceous earth that is continuously added to the filter element during the course of a filter run to help maintain filter porosity.
BOND COAT – A material used between the back of the tile or stone and the properly prepared substrate.
BOND STRENGTH – A bond coat’s ability to resist separating from the tile and setting bed, usually measured in pounds per square inch (psi).
BOOSTER PUMP SYSTEM – A pump that is completely independent of the filtration and heating system, used to provide support for hydrotherapy jets, cleaning systems and gas chlorinators or special water features.
BREAK IN GRADE – Occurs when the slope of a pool floor changes to a greater slope.
BREAKPOINT CHLORINATION – The practice of adding a sufficient amount of chlorine to water to destroy the combined inorganic chlorine present. Normally, the amount added is 10 times the combined chlorine concentration.
BRIDGING–Build up of body coat on diatomaceous earth filter elements to the point that the body coats of two adjacent elements touch.
BROADCAST – A method of applying chemicals to a pool or spa by spreading them uniformly over the water surface.
BROMIDE – A salt that contains a bromide ion.Bromide becomes hypobromous acid when reacted with oxidizers such chlorine, ozone or monopersulfates.
BROMINE – One of several chemicals that yield hypobromous acid when added to water.
BROMINE FEEDER – A device used to add or deliver bromine disinfectant at a controlled rate.
BTU (British Thermal Unit) – A unit of measurement used to define the capabilities of heaters. One BTU is capable of raising the temperature of one pound of water by 1°F (one liter of water by 1.2°C).
BUFFER – Any chemical that, when dissolved in water, will resist pH change. Also any chemical solution used to calibrate pH instruments.
BYPASS VALVE – A valve used to limit or adjust the amount of water flowing through a device in a bypass loop to divert flow to an alternate plumbing path.
CALCIFICATION – Formation of calcium carbonate on walls of pools or pipes, or in a filter or heater, due to precipitation of calcium carbonate.
CALCIUM CARBONATE – Insoluble calcium compound that is the major component of calcium scale. Also, a substance found in nature as limestone or marble.
CALCIUM CHLORIDE – A soluble white salt containing calcium ions and chloride ions, used to raise the calcium hardness of pool and spa water.
CALCIUM HARDNESS – A measure of the amount of calcium dissolved in water and expressed in parts per million (ppm) or mg/l as calcium carbonate.
CALCIUM HYPOCHLORITE – A solid white form of inorganic chlorine found in both granular and tablet forms (65–75% available chlorine). Because it is an alkaline compound, it will raise the pH of pool and spa water.
CARBON DIOXIDE – Common gas found in the air. Can be used to lower pH in a pool.
CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION (CPR) – A lifesaving technique involving both chest compressions to circulate blood and mouth-to-mouth breathing to restart a non-beating heart.
CARTRIDGE – A replaceable, porous element designed to retain suspended particles from water.
CARTRIDGE FILTER – A filter that uses a porous element to act as a filter medium.
CATCH POOL – A pool or designated section of a pool used as a terminus for water-slide flumes.
CAUSTIC – Sodium hydroxide, lye. In pools, an extremely high pH alkalizer. Generally refers to high pH.
CAUTION (Signal Word) – Indicates a potentially hazardous situation that, if not avoided, could result in minor or moderate injury. May also be used to alert against unsafe practices. (Reference ANSI Z535 Series of Standards for Safety Signs and Colors.)
CAVITATION – The formation of partial vacuums when pump capacity exceeds the water replacement supply.
CEMENT GROUT – A cementitious mixture of cement, sand or other ingredients and water or latex additive to produce a water-resistant, uniformly colored material to fill the joints of tile.
CENTRIFUGAL FORCE – The outward force exhibited by a circular motion.
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP – A pump that circulates water using a shaft-mounted impeller powered by an electric motor or gasoline engine. The centrifugal force of the spinning impeller creates the flow through the pump.
CF – Abbreviation for the calcium hardness factor in calculating the saturation index of water.
CHANNELIZATION – The undesirable process whereby filter sand is permeated by tubes or channels of calcified or oily material, allowing water to pass freely, without filtration.
CHECK VALVE – A valve allowing flow in one direction and obstructing flow in the other.
CHECKS (Surface) – Spider-web patterns in a surface that do not go all the way through; not an open crack.
CHELATING AGENT – A chemical used to bind (sequester) metals dissolved in water, to prevent them from precipitating and staining pool surfaces.
CHEMICAL FEED RATE INDICATOR – A mechanism that indicates units (weight or volume) of chemical being dispensed. May require a direct reading or the use of a reference chart.
CHEMICAL FEEDER – A device (floating or mechanical) used to add a chemical to pool/ spa water.
CHEMICAL FEEDER OUTPUT RATE – The weight or volume of active ingredients delivered by a chemical feeder, expressed in units of time.
CHEMICAL RESISTANCE – The resistance offered by products to physical or chemical reactions as a result of contact with or immersion in various solvents, acids, alkalis, salts, etc…
CHILDREN'S POOL/RIDE – A ride, flume ride or other slide attraction at a water theme park, designed primarily for the use of small children.
CHLORAMINE – A compound formed when chlorine combines with nitrogen-containing compounds, e.g., perspiration, ammonia. These compounds can cause eye and skin irritation, and have strong objectionable odors and very low sanitizing capability.
CHLORINATOR – A device used to add or deliver a chlorine disinfectant at a controllable rate. Chlorinators are designed for specific chlorine compounds and should only be used with the compounds for which they are designed.
CHLORINE – A chemical element that exists as a gas in its elemental form, or as a part of a chemical compound. Used as an oxidant and biocidal agent to disinfect pool and spa water.
CHLORINE DEMAND – The amount of chlorine necessary to oxidize all organic matter present in pool water at any given moment, or over a period of time.
CHLORINATED ISOCYANURATES (ISOS) – Sanitizer products that are self-stabilizing due to release of free available chlorine and cyanuric acid when they dissolve.
CHLORINE NEUTRALIZER – A chemical compound used to reduce chlorine in water, most commonly sodium thiosulfate.
CHLORINE RESIDUAL – The amount of available chlorine remaining in water after the chlorine demand has been satisfied.
CIRCUIT BREAKER – A device designed to open and close an electrical circuit manually, and to open a circuit automatically at a predetermined over-current level, thus providing protection to the wiring and electrical components.
CIRCULATION EQUIPMENT – The components of a circulation system.
CIRCULATION SYSTEM – A system of mechanical equipment and/or components designed to ensure even distribution of heat, chemicals and filtration of water throughout a pool. Includes filters, heaters, pumps, chlorinators, piping, inlets, drains, skimmers and other devices.
CLARIFIER – A chemical that coagulates and neutralizes suspended particles in water. See coagulant or flocculant.
CLARITY – The degree of transparency of pool water. Characterized by the ease with which an object can be seen through a given depth of water.
COAGULANT – A chemical, usually alum, used in pools to gather and precipitate suspended matter.
COAGULATE – To collect, via a chemical compound, suspended matter in pool, spa or hot tub water.
COLD JOINT – Any point in concrete construction where a pour was terminated and the surface lost its plasticity before work was continued.
COLLECTOR (SOLAR) – An assembly of components used to collect solar energy for heating.
COMBINED CHLORINE – The portion of the total chlorine in chemical combination with ammonia, nitrogen and/or organic compounds; mostly composed of chloramines.
COMMERCIAL/PUBLIC POOL – Any pool, other than a residential pool, that is intended to be used for swimming or bathing and is operated by an owner, lessee, operator, licensee, or concessionaire (regardless of whether a fee is charged or not). See ANSI/NSPI-1 for classifications.
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH – A material’s ability to withstand a load in compression.
CONCRETE SHELL – Various forms of concrete which, together with steel, form the structure of a pool or spa shell.
CONTACT CONCENTRATION – The concentration of a chemical flow of water. Depends on the rate of addition, the flow rate of the water and the efficiency of the mixing.
CONTAMINANT – An undesirable organic or inorganic, soluble or insoluble substance in water, including microbiological organisms. Examples: dirt, body oil, algae.
COPING – The cap on the wall that provides a finishing edge around a pool/spa often finished with tile or stone. Can be formed, cast in place, precast or prefabricated from metal or plastic materials, brick or stone. May be used as part of the system that secures a vinyl liner to the top of the pool wall.
CORROSION – The etching, pitting or eating away of a material.
COVE – The radius that joins the floor and wall of a pool/spa.
COVER – Something that covers, protects or shelters a pool, spa or hot tub.
Safety Cover – As defined by ASTM F1346 “Emergency Standard Performance Specification for Safety Covers and Labeling Requirements for All Covers for Swimming Pools, Spas and Hot Tubs.” It is a barrier (intended to be completely removed before entry of users) for swimming pools, spas, hot tubs or wading pools, attendant appliances and/or anchoring mechanisms that will – when properly labeled, installed, used and maintained in accordance with the manufacturer's published instructions – reduce the drowning risk for children under 5 years of age. Specifically, safety covers are meant to inhibit small children's access to the water and to provide for the removal of any substantially hazardous level of collected surface water. (These covers may be powered or manual.)
Solar Cover – A cover that, when placed on a pool or spa surface, increases the water temperature by solar activity and reduces evaporation.
Thermal Cover – An insulating cover used to prevent evaporation and heat loss from a pool or spa.
Winter Cover – A cover that is secured around the perimeter of a pool or spa that provides a barrier to debris when the pool or spa is closed for the season.
CRACK (Surface) – A repairable break in the surface; not major, not self-curing.
CRACK (Structural) – A break or split that weakens the structural integrity of the pool.
CROSS CONNECTION – An unprotected connection involving a domestic water supply and pool water, or other non-potable water, where a contamination of the domestic system could occur.
CURING – Maintenance of humidity and temperature of the freshly placed mortar or grout during some definite period following the placing or finishing, assuring acceptable hydration of the cement and proper hardening of the mortar or grout.
CUSHION-EDGED TILE – Tile on which the facial edges have a distinct curvature that results in a slightly recessed joint.
DANGER (Signal Word) – A visual alerting device in the form of a decal, label placard or other marking such as an embossing, stamping, etching or other process. It advises the observer of the nature and degree of the potential hazard(s) that can cause property damage, injury or death. Can also provide safety precautions or evasive actions to take, or other directions to eliminate or reduce the hazard. Aquatic safety signage shall conform to ANSI Z535 specifications.
Signal Word – To convey the gravity of the risk.
Consequences – What will likely happen if a warning is not heeded.
Instructions – Appropriate behavior to reduce or eliminate a hazard.
Danger – Indicates an imminently hazardous situation that, if not avoided, will result in death or serious injury. This signal word is to be limited to the most extreme situations.
Warning – Indicates a potentially hazardous situation that, if not avoided, could result in death or serious injury.
Caution – Indicates a potentially hazardous situation that, if not avoided, could result in minor or moderate injury. May also be used to alert against unsafe practices.
DECKS – The areas immediately adjacent to or attached to a pool or spa that are specifically constructed or installed for sitting, standing or walking. Generally made of concrete, wood or masonry.
DEEP AREA – Water areas exceeding five feet in depth.
DESIGN RATE OF FLOW – The rate of flow used for design calculations in a system.
DIATOMACEOUS EARTH FILTER – A filter that uses a coating of diatomaceous earth (DE) over a porous fabric as its filter medium.
DIATOMITE – The filtering medium of a diatomaceous earth filter composed of microscopic fossil skeletons of the diatom, a tiny freshwater plankton used to trap solids while allowing clear water to pass through the filter. Also known as diatomaceous earth.
DIATOMITE FILTER ELEMENT – A device used in a filter tank called a filter grid or element, coated with a fabric that traps diatomite on its surface.
DIFFUSER – A pump component that reduces velocity and increases static pressure of fluid passing through a system.
DISCHARGE HEAD – Resistance to water flow encountered on the discharge side of a pump, measured in feet of head. Each foot of water on the suction side of the pump is equal to one foot of head on the discharge side.
DISINFECTANT – Any chemical used to kill undesirable or pathogenic (disease-causing) bacteria.
DISINFECTION – The killing of pathogenic organisms with chemicals or other proven means, such as ozone, copper or silver.
DIVE – A free-fall entry as a planned acrobatic maneuver into the designated diving area of a pool.
DIVING AREA – The area of a swimming pool that is designed to be used for diving.
DIVING BOARD – A flexible board secured at one end to be used for diving.
DIVING EQUIPMENT, COMPETITIVE – Includes competitive diving boards and adjustable fulcrum-setting diving stands intended for competitive diving.
DIVING PLATFORM – A stationary platform designed for diving.
DIVING STAND – Any supporting device for a springboard or diving board.
DOT-MOUNTED TILE – Tile packaged in sheet format and held together by plastic or rubber dots between the joints.
DPD (Diethylphenylene Diamine) – A chemical reagent that specifically measures bromine or free available and total chlorine; produces a series of colors from pale pink to dark red.
DRAFT HOOD – Part of an indoor heater used to vent to the outside to prevent a down draft.
DRY ACID (Sodium Bisulfate) – A granular material used to lower total alkalinity and pH in water.
DRY-SET MORTAR – A mixture of cement with sand and additives imparting water retentivity, often is used as a bond coat for setting tile.
DYNAMIC HEAD – The resistance caused by the friction of the water flowing through an entire circulation system, including the plumbing and equipment and the head pressure measured from the suction and discharge side.
ELBOW – A plumbing fitting shaped at a 90° or 45° angle. Also known as an "ell."
EFFECTIVE FILTER AREA – The total surface area through which designed flow rate will be maintained during filtration.
Cartridge Type – The total effective filter area is the cartridge fabric area that is exposed to the direct flow of water, figured in square footage of fabric. This excludes cartridge ends, seals, supports and other areas where flow is impaired.
Diatomaceous Earth (DE) Type – The actual area of the filter element is the total effective area of the porous fabric septum, less any area of a septum support member greater than 1/4" wide contacting the septum during filtration.
Permanent Medium Type – The effective filter area is the filter surface that is perpendicular to the flow direction.
Sand Filtration Type – The effective filter area is the top surface area of the sand within the filter calculated in square inches or square feet.
EFFECTIVE PARTICLE SIZE – The theoretical size of sieve (in mm) that will pass 10 percent by weight of the sand.
EFFLORESCENCE – The residue deposited on the surface of a material by crystallization of soluble salts present in portland cement.
EFFLUENT – The outflow of water from a filter, pump or pool.
EGRESS – The means of exiting an area.
ELECTROLYTIC CHLORINATOR – A device that converts dissolved chloride salt (sodium chloride) into chlorine and its reaction products.
ENCLOSURE – A fenced-in, secured area.
ENERGY (Electric) – The amount of electricity consumed when power is used over a period of time, measured in kilowatt-hours.
ENTRY POOL – A pool at a water theme park that is provided at the entrance to a water slide or inner-tube ride.
EPOXY ADHESIVE – An adhesive system employing an epoxy resin and hardener.
EPOXY GROUT – A grout system employing an epoxy resin and hardener and powder.
EPOXY MORTAR – A system employing epoxy resins and hardener portions, often containing coarse silica filler and which is usually formulated where high strength is required or industrial and commercial installations where chemical resistance is of paramount importance.
EQUIPMENT AREA – An area used to house recirculation and disinfecting equipment and related appliances.
EROSION – 1. The act of destroying or dissolving by slow disintegration or wearing away. 2. In an erosion feeder, the way water dissolves the chemical being fed.
EROSION FEEDER – A device that dispenses a sanitizer by directing a flow of water past tables, briquettes or pellets.
ETCHING – Corrosion on the surface; the pitting or eating away of a material such as the surface of plaster (marcite).
EVAPORATION – The conversion of liquid molecules into vapor.
EXPANSIVE SOIL – Clay soil that absorbs moisture and swells, creating the potential for structure damage.
FEET OF HEAD – In a hydraulic system, resistance based on the equivalent height a column of water that causes the same resistance (100' of head equals 43 pounds per square inch). The total dynamic head is the sum of all resistances in a complete operating system.
FENCE – A boundary between a pool/spa area and the outside, intended to deter unauthorized entry from the outside. Not intended as a structural barrier to be sat, walked or climbed on.
FERRIC IRON – Compounds of iron that are insoluble in water and will precipitate.
FERROUS IRON – Compounds of iron that are soluble in water and will impart a clear green color.
FILTER – A vessel that removes undissolved particles from water by recirculating the water through a porous substance (a filter medium or elements).
Cartridge Filter – Uses a porous element that acts as a filter medium.
Diatomaceous Earth Filter – Uses a thin coating of diatomaceous earth (DE) over a porous fabric as its filter medium.
Permanent Medium Filter – Uses a filter medium (sand).
FILTER AGITATION – Mechanical or manual movement to dislodge the filter aid and dirt from the filter element.
FILTER AID – A powder-like substance such as diatomaceous earth or volcanic ash used to coat a septum-type filter.
FILTER CARTRIDGE – A filtering element, usually of fibrous material.
FILTER CYCLE – The operating time between cleaning or backwash cycles.
FILTER ELEMENT – A device within a filter tank designed to entrap solids and conduct water to a manifold, collection header, pipe or similar conduit and return it to the pool, spa or hot tub. A filter element usually consists of a septum and septum support, or a cartridge.
FILTER MEDIUM – A finely graded material (such as sand, diatomaceous earth, polyester fabric, anthracite, etc.) that removes solid particles from water.
FILTER SAND – A hard, silica-like substance free of carbonates or other foreign material and used as the medium in sand filters.
FILTRATION – The process of capturing suspended particles and clarifying water.
FILTRATION FLOW – The design rate of flow, in volume over time (gallons per minute, gallons per hour), through the filter system when installed per the manufacturer's instructions with a new, clean filter medium.
FILTRATION RATE – The rate of water flowing through a filter during a given period of time, expressed in U.S. gallons per minute per square foot of effective filter area. Also known as filtration flow rate.
FLOAT COAT – The final mortar coat over which a skim coat is applied.
FLOAT VALVE – A valve controlled by the level of a fluid.
FLOATING – A method of using a straightedge to align mortar with screeds.
FLOCCULANT (Floc) – A chemical substance or compound that promotes the combination, agglomeration or coagulation of suspended particles in water.
FLOODED SYSTEM – An underwater pump that does not require priming.
FLOOR – The interior bottom surface of a pool or spa.
FLOOR SLOPE – The slope of the pool floor, usually expressed in feet or inches of vertical rise per feet or inches of horizontal distance.
FLOW – The rate of the movement of water, typically in gallons per minute.
FLOW METER – A device that measures the rate of flow of liquid through piping.
FLOW RATE – The volume of liquid flowing past a given point in a specified time period. Usually expressed as U.S. gallons per minute (gpm) or gallons per hour (gph).
FLOW RIDER – Pool at a waterpark that uses wave sheet technology for body boarding or body surfing activity.
FLOW SWITCH – A safety device that prevents a heater from firing if water flow through the system is not adequate.
FLUME – A trough-like or tubular structure, generally recognized as a water slide, that directs the path of travel and rate of descent of the rider.
FLUME SLIDE – Slides of various configurations that are characterized by having deep riding channels, vertical and lateral curves, and high water flows, and accommodate riders using or not using mats, tubes, rafts and other transport vehicles. Included but not limited to family raft rides, inner-tube rides, body slides, speed slides, etc.
FREE AVAILABLE CHLORINE – That portion of the total chlorine that is not combined chlorine and is available as a sanitizer.
FREEBOARD – In a sand filter, the clear vertical distance between the top of the filter medium and the lowest outlet of the upper distribution system.
FREEZE-THAW CYCLE – Seasonal weather and temperature changes that can cause stress to a surface.
FRICTION – Resistance created by liquid passing along the inner surface of a conductor pipe and fittings.
FRICTION HEAD – Head specifically caused by friction or drag.
GALVANIC ACTION – The creation of electrical current by the process of electrochemical action of dissimilar metals in a liquid.
GALVANIC CORROSION – The deterioration of metal produced when two dissimilar metals are exposed to the electrical current produced by electrochemical action.
GATE VALVE – A device in a pipe that can partially or totally obstruct the flow of water, using an internal "gate" that moves in and out as the valve is operated.
GFCI (Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter) – A mechanism that cuts the current to an electrical device the moment a change in voltage occurs.
GRAB BAR/RAIL – A rail used to enter or leave a pool/spa.
GRADE – A predetermined degree of slope that a finished surface should have.
GROUNDING – Connecting or providing a conducting path to earth or a conducting body that serves in place of earth.
GROUT – A cementitious, epoxy or other material used for filling joints between tiles.
GROUTING – The process of filing tile joints with grout.
GUNITE – A pneumatically applied (sprayed) concrete that is a dry mixture of cement, aggregate and/or sand. Water is applied to the mix at the hose nozzle.
GUTTER – Overflow trough in the perimeter wall of a pool, a component of the circulation system.
HAIR AND LINT STRAINER – Readily removable, perforated or otherwise porous container used to catch coarse material. (See NSF definition.)
HALOGEN – Any of the active chemical elements fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine, used as disinfectant or oxidizers.
HANDHOLD/HANDRAIL – A device that is intended to be gripped by a user for the purpose of resting and/or steadying him/ herself. Typically located within or without the pool/spa or as part of a set of steps or deck installed equipment.
HARDNESS – The amount of calcium and magnesium dissolved in water, measured by a test kit and expressed as ppm of equivalent calcium carbonate.
HAZARD – A condition or set of circumstances that has the potential of causing or contributing to injury or death.
HEAD – A measure of the amount of pressure or resistance in a hydraulic system, expressed in feet.
HEAD LOSS – The amount that flow reduces as head increases.
HEADER – A manifold in a heater that directs the flow of water into and out of the heat exchanger.
HEAT EXCHANGER – A device with coils, tubes or plates that transfers heat from air or a fluid to another fluid without intermixing them.
HEAT LOSS – The natural drop in water temperature as heat is transferred to the surrounding air.
HEAT PUMP – A refrigeration compressor, usually electrically driven, that is operated in reverse. To obtain heat, the evaporator side (cooling coil) is exposed to water, air or ground. The coil transfers the heat from this source to the condenser coil, where it discharges the heat to a pool or spa.
HEATER – An electric, fossil-fueled or solar device used to heat pool or spa water.
Electric Heater – Uses a heating element immersed in water.
Fossil-Fueled Heater – Uses natural, propane gas or fuel oil and an open flame to heat a heat exchanger.
Solar Heater – Uses the ultraviolet rays of the sun as a heat source. Other ways to categorize heaters:
* Direct heaters heat the tubes in which water circulates.
* Indirect heaters circulate steam or hot water inside a heat exchanger, through which pool water flows.
HIGH LIMIT SWITCH – A temperature control switch that can deactivate a control circuit at a preset temperature. Normally preset at the factory and nonadjustable; must be manually reset.
HIGH PERMEABILITY ELEMENT – Mechanically interlocked, nonwoven filter material designed to remove suspended solids.
HOOP – A circumferential constraint that prohibits the staves of a hot tub from separating. Also, a device used to secure two halves of a filter together. See band.
HOOP CONNECTOR – A tightening and connecting device.
HOT TUB – A spa constructed of wood with sides and bottom formed separately, and joined together by pressure from surrounding hoops, bands or rods; as distinct from spa units formed of plastic, concrete, metal or other materials.
HYDRAULICS – An engineering process used to pump, filter and return water to the pool that ensures effective circulation of water and chemicals and a lack of dead spots.
HYDROCHLORIC ACID – A very strong acid used in pools or spas for pH control and certain specific cleaning needs, a byproduct of adding chlorine to water. Use extreme caution in handling. Called muriatic acid when diluted. See also muriatic acid.
HYDROGEN – The lightest chemical element. A component of water and a frequent product of chemical reactions. Used as a measure of acidity and pH in its ionic form in solution.
HYDROGEN PEROXIDE – A compound of hydrogen and oxygen usually supplied in an aqueous solution, used as a disinfectant.
HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE – The upward pressure of a liquid, commonly ground water, on the bottom of an empty pool or spa.
HYDROSTATIC RELIEF VALVE – A fitting installed in the bottom of a main drain, designed to open automatically or manually to relieve upward ground-water pressure by allowing water to flow into the pool or spa.
HYDROTHERAPY JET – A fitting that blends air and water, creating a high-velocity turbulent stream of air-enriched water.
HYDROTHERAPY SPA – A spa unit having a therapeutic use, but which is not drained, cleaned or refilled for each user. Includes, but is not limited to, hydrotherapy jet circulation, hot water, cold water mineral baths, air induction bubbles or any combination thereof, industry terminology includes, but is not limited to, "therapeutic pool," "hydrotherapy pool," "whirlpool," "hot spa," etc. NSPI standards exclude facilities under direct supervision and control of licensed medical personnel.
HYPOBROMOUS ACID – The most powerful disinfecting form of bromine in water.
HYPOCHLORINATOR – A chemical feeder through which liquid solutions of chlorine bearing chemicals are fed into the pool water at a controlled rate. Types of hypochlorinators include: positive displacement, which are usually motor-driven; aspirator, which work off a pressure difference in the hydraulic system; and metering, which are connected to the pump suction and use a timing mechanism.
HYPOCHLORITE – Any of a family of chemical compounds including calcium hypochlorite, lithium hypochlorite, sodium hypochlorite, etc., used in various forms as chlorine carriers in pool and spa water.
HYPOCHLOROUS ACID – The most powerful disinfecting form of chlorine in water.
IMPELLER – The rotating vanes of a centrifugal pump; its action creates the flow of the water.
IMPERVIOUS TILE – Tile with water absorption of 0.5% or less. This type of tile is ideal for submerged installations.
INFLUENT – The water entering a filter or other device.
INGRESS – Means of entry into an area.
INLET, RETURN – See return inlet.
INLET FITTING – The fitting aperture through which water under positive pressure returns to a pool or spa.
INSULATOR – In electricity, any device that serves as a nonconductor, usually made of glass or porcelain.
INTERMITTENT IGNITION DEVICE – An electrical spark device used to ignite a gas heater.
IODINE – A chemical element that exists as a grayish-black granule in its elemental state, or as a part of a chemical compound. In the form of liquid iodine and in iodide compounds, a biocidal agent used to disinfect pool and spa water. Chlorine used with iodides releases elemental iodine.
IONIZATION – The process whereby a compound, in solution, separates into charged ions.
ISOCYANURATES – See Chlorinated Isocyanurates.
JETS – See hydrotherapy jet.
KINETIC ENERGY – The energy from the motion imparted to a liquid by the action of impeller vanes, causing the liquid to flow out of the pump casing and away from the impeller.
LADDER – "A-Frame " Ladder – An entry ladder that straddles an aboveground/on ground pool wall and is either removable (Type A) or has a built-in, entry-limiting feature (Type B).
Double Access Ladder (Type A) – An "A-Frame" ladder that straddles the pool wall of an aboveground pool and provides pool ingress and egress, and is intended to be removed when not in use.
Limited Access Ladder (Type B) – A removable "A-Frame" ladder that straddles an aboveground/on ground pool wall with a built in, entry-limiting provision for making the pool inaccessible when not in use (i.e., swing-up, slide-up, "pick off" or equivalent). Staircase
Ladder (Type C) – A "ground-to-deck" staircase ladder that allows access to an aboveground pool deck and has a built-in, entry-limiting feature. Used with a Type E "in pool" staircase ladder to provide a means of ingress and egress from the pool to the deck.
In-Pool or Spa Ladder (Type D) – An "in pool" ladder located in a pool or spa to provide ingress and egress from the deck. Staircase
Ladder (Type E) – An "in-pool" staircase ladder located in the pool to provide a means of ingress and egress from the pool to the deck.
LAITANCE – A layer of weak and non-durable material containing cement and aggregate fines, brought by bleed water to the top of wet concrete, the amount of which is generally increased by overworking or over manipulating concrete at the surface.
LANGELIER INDEX – A numerical calculation based on the Langelier water balance equation, which indicates whether water is corrosive or scaling. See also SATURATION INDEX.
LATEX-PORTLAND CEMENT GROUT – A combination of portland cement grout with a latex additive.
LATEX-PORTLAND CEMENT MORTAR – A mixture of portland cement, sand and either a liquid latex additive or dry, redispersible latex polymers used as a tile setting mortar.
LATH – Metal mesh which acts as a backing or reinforcing agent for the scratch coat or mortar.
LIFELINE – A rope line which is laid across a pool to designate a change in slope at the bottom, especially where deep water begins.
LINE LEVEL – A small spirit level that can be suspended from a string line. When the string line is level, the bubble will be centered within the tube.
LINER – See vinyl liner.
LINT STRAINER – A device attached to the front of a pump to which the influent line (suction line) is connected, used to entrap lint, hair or other debris that could damage the pump.
LIQUID ACID – A chemical used to lower pH and total alkalinity, most commonly muriatic acid.
LIQUID CHLORINE – Sodium hypochlorite.
LIQUID PROPANE GAS – The liquid form of propane gas, a heavy hydrocarbon that occurs naturally in petroleum.
LITHIUM HYPOCHLORITE – A solid, white, granular form of inorganic chlorine that has a pH of approximately 9 and contains an available chlorine content (ACC) of 35 percent.
LOWER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM (Under Drain) – A device in the bottom of a permanent medium filter used to collect water during filtering and distribute it during backwashing.
MAGNESIUM HARDNESS – A measure of the amount of magnesium dissolved in water.
MAIN DRAIN – An outlet located at the bottom of a pool or spa that conducts water to the recirculating pump.
MAKE-UP WATER – Fresh water used to fill or refill a pool or spa. See also source water.
MANIFOLD – A pipe with several openings for making multiple connections.
MANOMETER – An instrument that measures vacuum or pressure differential across an orifice by means of a column of liquid, usually mercury. In pools, usually calibrated to show rate or flow of water in gallons per minute (gpm).
MARBLE TILE – Marble cut into tiles and available in several finishes; including polished, honed and split face.
MARCITE – See plaster.
MASTER GRADE CERTIFICATE – A certificate which states that the tile listed in the shipment and described on the certificate are made in accordance to industry standards.
MECHANICAL SEAL – A device used to prevent the passage of water in or out of a centrifugal pump at the motor shaft.
MICRON – One-millionth of a meter. Used to describe the size of particles that filters are capable of trapping.
MICROORGANISM – A microscopic plant or animal.
MORTAR BED – The layer of mortar on which a waterproofing membrane or tile is set.
MOTOR – A machine that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. When electrical current is supplied to a series of wires (windings), a magnetic field is created that drives the rotor and shaft of a pump impeller.
MUD – A slang term for a mortar bed.
MULTIPLE FILTER-CONTROL VALVE – A multiport valve having a number of control positions for various filter operations, combining the function of two or more single valves in one unit.
MULTIPORT VALVE – A device that allows for the multidirectional control of the passage or flow of water through a system.
MURIATIC ACID – Used to lower pH and/or total alkalinity in pool and spa water. See also hydrochloric acid.
NEW POOL and/or CONSTRUCTION – The activity of building or installing a pool and/or spa structure and its component parts where no such structure has previously existed.
NITROGEN – An element introduced into the pool or spa via perspiration, hair spray, cosmetics, etc. Easily combines with chlorine to form chloramines.
NONSWIMMING AREA – Any portion of a pool where water depth, offset ledges or similar irregularities prevent normal swimming activities.
NON-TOXIC – Having no adverse physiological effect on human beings or other living organisms.
NON-VITREOUS TILE – Tile with a water absorption rate of more than 7.0%. Typically not suitable for submerged installations.
NOTCHED TROWEL – A trowel with a serrated or notched edge which is used for the application of a gauged amount of tile mortar or adhesive in ridges of a specific dimension.
OPEN TIME – The period of time during which the bond coat retains its ability to adhere to the tile and bond the tile to the substrate.
ORGANIC MATTER – In a pool or spa, material introduced to the water by users and the environment such as perspiration, urine, saliva, suntan oil, cosmetics, lotions, dead skin and similar debris.
ORGANISM – Plant or animal life. Usually refers to algae or bacteria-like growth in pool water.
ORIFICE – An opening, usually carefully calibrated in size, through which water flows.
ORIFICE PLATE – A disc, placed in a water flow line, with a concentric, sharp-edged circular opening in the center that creates a differential pressure used to measure flow and operates feeders and instruments or other hydraulic equipment.
ORP (also called Redox) – Oxidation reduction potential produced by strong oxidizing agents in a water solution. Derived from the oxidation level measured in millivolts by an ORP meter.
OTO (Orthotolidine) – A colorless reagent that reacts with chlorine or bromine to produce a series of yellow to orange colors, indicating the amount of chlorine or bromine in water. Effectively measures total chlorine.
OUTLET – An aperture or fitting through which water under suction is drawn from a pool, spa or hot tub.
OUTLET, SUCTION – See Suction Outlet.
OVERFLOW SYSTEM – A system for the removal of pool/spa surface water through the use of overflows, surface skimmers, and surface water collection systems of various design and manufacture.
OXIDIZERS – Products used to destroy organic waste in water.
OZONE – A gaseous molecule composed of three oxygen atoms, generated on site and used for the oxidation of water contaminants.
OZONE, LOW OUTPUT GENERATING EQUIPMENT (Ozonator) – A device that will produce ozone in air at a concentration of less than 500 ppm. Usually refers to ultraviolet (UV) generators.
OZONE CONTACT CONCENTRATION – A measure of the amount of ozone dissolved in pool/spa water.
OZONE GENERATOR – A device used to produce ozone.
PATHOGENS – Disease-producing microorganisms. pH – A value for the relative acidity or alkalinity of a substance, such as water, as indicated by the hydrogen ion concentration. Expressed on a scale of 0 to 14, 0 being most acidic, 7 being neutral and 14 being most basic.
pH METER – An instrument that measures pH by electrical conductivity across a membrane of an electrode.
PHENOL RED – A dye used in measuring pH.
PILOT GENERATOR – The component in a millivolt system that transforms heat from the pilot into electrical energy. Also referred to as a thermal coupling or thermocouple.
PILOT LIGHT – A small constant flame used to ignite gas at the first burner.
Residential Pool – Any constructed pool, permanent or non-portable, that is intended for noncommercial use as a swimming pool by not more than three owner families and their guests and that is more than 24" in water depth, and has a volume more than 250 gallons (refer to ANSI/NSPI-5 Standard for Residential Swimming Pools). Residential pools shall be further classified into types as indication of the suitability of a pool for use with diving equipment.
Type O – Any residential pool where the installation of diving equipment is prohibited.
Type I-V – Residential pools suitable for the installation of diving equipment by type. Diving equipment classified at a higher type is not prohibited from being used with a pool of lesser type (i.e., Type III equipment with a Type II pool). Commercial /Public
Pool – Any pool, other than a residential pool, that is intended for swimming or bathing and is operated by an owner, lessee, operator, licensee or concessionaire, regardless of whether a fee is charged for use. References within the standard to various types of public pools (refer to ANSI/NSPI-1 Standard for Public Swimming Pools) are defined by the following categories:
Class A: Competition Pool – Any pool intended for use for accredited competitive aquatic events such as Federation Internationale De Natation Amateur (FINA), U.S. Swimming, U.S. Diving, National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), National Federation of State High School Associations (NFSHSA), etc. The use of the pool is not limited to competitive events.
Class B: Public Pool – Any pool intended for public recreational use.
Class C: Semipublic Pool – Any pool operated solely for and in conjunction with lodgings such as hotels, motels, apartments, condominiums, etc.
PITTING – A form of etching.
PLASTER – A type of interior finish, made from a mixture of white cement and aggregate that will accept a tint or color; applied to a concrete pool or spa. Also called marcite or Marbleite.
PLUMB – Perpendicular to true level.
POINT OF THE FIRST SLOPE CHANGE – Shall be at a minimum water depth of two feet nine inches and at least six feet from the shallow end, except as stated in NSPI's Article 6.3.
POOL – Aboveground
Pool – Type O – A removable pool of any shape that has a minimum water depth of 36" and maximum water depth of 48" at the wall. The wall is located on the surrounding earth and may be capable of being disassembled or stored and reassembled to its original integrity. Diving and waterslides are prohibited (refer to ANSI/NSPI-4 Standard for Aboveground Residential Swimming Pools). In ground Swimming
Pool – Any pool whose sides rest in partial or full contact with the earth (refer to ANSI/NSPI-5 Standard for Residential Swimming Pools or ANSI/NSPI- 1 Standard for Public Swimming Pools as applicable). On-Ground Residential Swimming
Pool-Type O – A removable pool package whose walls rest fully on the surrounding earth with an excavated area below the ground level. Diving and water slides are prohibited (refer to NSPI-4 Standard for Aboveground Swimming Pools). The slope adjacent to the shallow area shall have a maximum slope of 3:1, and the slope adjacent to the side walls shall have a maximum slope of 1:1.
Permanently Installed Swimming Pool – A pool that is constructed in the ground or in a building in such a manner that it cannot be readily disassembled for storage (refer to ANSI/NSPI-1 Standard for Public Swimming Pools or ANSI/NSPI-5 Standard for Residential In ground Swimming Pools as applicable).
Class D: Other Pool – Any pool operated for medical treatment, therapy, exercise, lap swimming, recreational play and other special purposes, including, but not limited to, wave or surf action pools, activity pools, splasher pools, kiddie pools and play areas. These pools are not intended to be covered within the scope of NSPI standards.
Public Pools – May be diving or non-diving. If diving, they shall be further classified into types as an indication of the suitability of a pool for use with diving equipment.
Type VI–XI – Public pools suitable for the installation of diving equipment by type. Diving equipment classified at a higher type is not prohibited from being used on a pool of lesser type (i.e., Type VIII equipment with a Type VI pool).
Type N – A non-diving public pool (no diving allowed).
Splasher (Wader) Pools – A pool that has a minimum water depth of 24" and a maximum water depth of 36".
Wading Pool – A pool that has a shallow depth used for wading. There are no requirements for residential wading pools (refer to NSPI-1 Standard for Public Swimming Pools for public wading pools).
POOL USER – Any person using a pool and adjoining deck area for the purpose of water activity such as swimming, wading, diving or other related activities.
POT LIFE – The period of time during which a material maintains its workable properties after it has been mixed.
POTABLE WATER – Any water, such as an approved domestic water supply, which is bacteriologically safe and otherwise suitable for drinking.
PPM – Abbreviation for parts per million, the unit of measurement used in chemical testing that indicates the parts by weight in relation to one million parts by weight of water. Essentially identical to the term milligrams per liter (mg/l).
PRECIPITATE – A solid material that is forced out of a solution by some chemical reaction and settles out or remains as a haze in suspension (turbidity).
PRE-COAT – The coating of filter aid on the septum of a diatomaceous earth-type filter at the beginning of each filter cycle.
PRE-COAT FEEDER – A chemical feeder designed to inject diatomaceous earth into a filter in sufficient quantity to coat the filter septum at the start of a filter run.
PRE-FLOAT – The term used to describe mortar that has been placed and allowed to harden prior to bonding tile to it with thin-set or adhesive.
PRESSURE – In a liquid, a form of energy proportional to the depth of a column of liquid. Expressed as pounds per square inch, feet of liquid or feet of head.
PRESSURE CHECK – A test for the rate of water flow; also a test for leaks in a system.
PRESSURE DIFFERENTIAL – The difference in pressure between two parts of a hydraulic system, such as the influent and effluent of a filter.
PRESSURE GAUGE – A gauge that measures the amount of pressure built up within a closed container, such as a filter.
PRESSURE SWITCH – A device that will not allow a heater to fire unless there is adequate water pressure in the system. See Flow Switch.
PRIMING – Refers to re-establishing the water flow by the recirculating pump.
PSI – Abbreviation for pounds per square inch.
PUMP – A mechanical device, usually powered by an electric motor, which causes hydraulic flow and pressure for the purpose of filtration, heating and circulation of pool and spa water. Typically, a centrifugal pump design is used for pools and spas.
PUMP CAPACITY – The volume of liquid a pump is capable of moving during a specified period of time against a given total head.
PUMP CURVE – A graph of performance characteristics of a given pump under varying power, flow and resistance factors. Used in checking and sizing a pump.
PUMP STRAINER – A device, placed on the suction side of a pump that contains a removable strainer basket designed to trap debris in the water flow with a minimum of flow restriction. Sometimes called a hair/lint pot or trap.
PUNCTURE HAZARD – Any surface or protrusion that is capable of puncturing a user's skin under casual contact.
PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride) – A thermoplastic resin commonly used for pool piping and plumbing components.
QUATERNARY AMMONIUM (also Quats) – Organic compounds of ammonia used as an algae stat and germicide.
RATE OF FLOW – The quantity of water flowing past a designated point within a specified time, such as the number of gallons flowing in one minute (gpm).
RATED PRESSURE – Pressure that is equal to or less than the pressure designated on the data plate of the equipment.
REAGENTS – The chemical agents or indicators used to test various aspects of water quality.
REHABILITATION – The activity of restoring all or part of a pool or spa structure and its components to the original design condition, including the rebuilding and/or replacing of worn and broken parts or components.
REMOTE SWITCH – Any switching device used to activate an apparatus from a distance.
RESIDUAL – The measurable sanitizer present in water.
RESPONSE TIME – The time between pool user distress and rescue by a lifeguard.
RETURN INLET – The aperture or fitting through which the water under positive pressure returns into a pool or spa.
RETURN PIPING – Effluent piping.
REVERSE CIRCULATION – A circulation system in which water is taken from the surface and returned through inlets at the bottom of the structure.
RING BUOY – A ring-shaped floating buoy capable of supporting a user.
ROPE AND FLOAT LINE – A continuous line, not less than 1/4" in diameter that is supported by buoys and attached to opposite sides of a pool to separate the deep and shallow ends.
RUBBER FLOAT (Float) – The rubber trowel used to force grout into the joints of a tile installation, remove excess grout from the surface and form a smooth grout finish.
SALINITY – The sodium chloride or salt content of water.
SAND FILTER – A filter that uses sand, or sand and gravel, as the filter medium.
SATURATION INDEX – A rating that indicates whether water will have a tendency to deposit calcium carbonate from a solution, or whether it will be potentially corrosive. Four factors are used in the computation: pH, total alkalinity, calcium hardness and temperature. When correctly balanced, water will be neither scale forming nor corrosive.
SCALE – The precipitate that forms on surfaces in contact with water whose calcium hardness, pH or total alkalinity level is too high.
SCARIFY – A mechanical means of roughing a surface to obtain better adhesion of mortar to the substrate.
SCRATCH COAT – A mixture of cement, sand and water or latex additive as the first coat of mortar on a wall or ceiling which is usually scratched or roughened so that the subsequent coat will bond properly.
SEALANT – An elastomeric material used to fill and seal expansion and control joints and allow for the horizontal and lateral movement.
SEDIMENT TRAP – A device for trapping sediment that is required on all gas-heater piping.
SELF-PRIMING – A rating given to centrifugal pumps to indicate that the pump is capable of operating above pool water level, after the initial filling with water.
SEPTUM – The part of a filter made of cloth, wire screen or other porous material on which the filter medium or aid is deposited.
SEQUESTERING AGENT – Synonymous with a chelating or metal complexation agent, reacts with potential stain-producing metal ions (i.e., copper, iron, etc.) to reduce staining of pool/ spa surfaces and associated colored water.
SERVICE FACTOR – The degree to which an electric motor can be operated above its rated horsepower without danger of overload failure.
SETTING BED – The layer of mortar on which the tile is set.
SHALLOW AREAS – Areas of a pool or spa with water depths less than 5'.
SHOCK – Product used to treat microbial infestations and inorganic contaminants in water. Must be registered by EPA.
SHOCK OXIDIZER – Product, used to destroy non-living organic and inorganic contaminants in water, which is neither a sanitizer nor algaecide.
SHOCK OXIDIZER TREATMENT – The practice of adding a shock oxidizer product to water.
SHOCK TREATMENT – The practice of adding a shock product to water.
SHOTCRETE – A mixture of cement and sand that is applied to contoured and supported surfaces to build a pool or spa. Shot-crete is premixed and pumped wet to the construction site.
SHUT-OFF HEAD – The amount of head at which the pump can no longer circulate water.
SIGHT BARRIER – The available open space in any given or total fence area.
SKIMMER (also Surface Skimming System)
Thru-wall – A device installed in the wall of an in ground pool or spa or aboveground/ on ground pool that allows for continuous removal of floating debris and surface water to the filter.
Over-the-Wall – A device installed over the wall of an aboveground/on ground pool that allows for continuous removal of debris and surface water to the filter.
SKIMMER COVER – A device or lid to close the deck opening to the skimmer housing.
SKIMMER EQUALIZER PIPE – The connection from the skimmer housing to the pool, spa or hot tub below the weir; sized to satisfy pump demand and prevent air lock or pump loss of prime.
SKIMMER EQUALIZER VALVE – The check valve on the equalizer line that opens to draw water when the water level inside the skimmer body drops below operating level, and remains closed during normal skimming.
SKIMMER HOUSING – The structure that attaches to or contains the skimmer weir, strainer basket, float valve and other devices used in the skimming operation. 13 – Appendix
SKIMMER SYSTEM – The waterline is at the midpoint of the operating range of the skimmers when there are no users in the pool/ spa.
SKIMMER WEIR – The part of a skimmer that adjusts automatically to small changes in the water level to ensure a continuous flow of water to the skimmer.
SLAKE – Allowing the mixture of mortar, thin-set or grout to stand for a brief period of time after the ingredients have been thoroughly combined and before final mixing occurs. This enables the moisture in the mix to penetrate lumps in the dry components, making it easier to complete the mixing procedure.
SLIP-RESISTING – Refers to a surface that has been treated or constructed so as to significantly reduce the chance of a user slipping. The surface shall not be an abrasion hazard.
SLOPE – An inclined surface.
SLURRY COAT – A bond coat for installation of or onto a mortar bed.
SLURRY FEED – Diatomaceous earth continuously added to filter elements during the course of a filter run to help maintain filter porosity. Also body feed.
SODA ASH (also Sodium Cargonate) – A chemical compound in white powder form used to raise pH of water.
SODIUM BICARBONATE (Baking Soda) – A chemical compound in white powder form used to raise total alkalinity of water.
SODIUM BISULFATE (also Dry Acid) – A granule used to lower the pH and/or total alkalinity of water.
SODIUM CARBONATE – See soda ash.
SODIUM DICHLORO-ISOCYANURATE (also Sodium Ichloro-S-Triazinetrione) – An organic chlorine that in granular form has approximately 62 percent chlorine, and in dehydrate form has approximately 56 percent chlorine. Contains 58.7% stabilizer by weight and has a pH of 6.0.
SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE – The clear, liquid form of an inorganic chlorine compound obtainable in concentrations of 5- to 16% available chlorine.
SODIUM THIOSULFATE – A chemical compound used to destroy chlorine.
SOFT WATER – Water that has very low calcium and magnesium content – less than 6 grains per gallon (less than 100 ppm).
SOOT – A black, powdery, carbonaceous substance created by an improper air-fuel mixture in the combustion of fossil fuels. A byproduct of incomplete combustion.
SOURCE WATER – Water used to fill or refill a pool or spa. See also make-up water.
SPA (also Hydrotherapy Spa) – A hydrotherapy unit of irregular or geometric shell design.
Permanent Residential Spa – A spa in which the water-heating and water-circulating equipment is not an integral part of the product. Intended as a permanent plumbing fixture and not intended to be moved (refer to ANSI/NSPI-3 Standard for Permanently Installed Residential Spas).
Public Spa – Any spa, other than a permanent residential spa or residential portable spa, intended to be used for bathing and operated by an owner, lessee, operator, licensee or concessionaire, regardless of whether a fee is charged for use (refer to ANSI/NSPI-2 Standard for Public Spas).
Residential Portable Spa (Two Types) – Non-Self-Contained Spa – A spa in which the water-heating and water-circulating equipment is not an integral part of the product. Non-self-contained spas may employ separate components such as an individual filter, pump, heater and controls, or they may employ assembled combinations of various components (refer to ANSI/NSPI-6 Standard for Residential Portable Spas).
Self-Contained Spa – A spa in which all control, water-heating and water-circulating equipment is an integral part of the product. Self-contained spas may be permanently wired or cord-connected.
SPLASH POOL – A pool having a water depth not exceeding 18 inches, primarily intended for the use of small children. May include constructed play devices such as small, flume type waterslides.
SPREAD – The clear distance between the sides rails of a ladder.
STABILIZER (also CYANURIC ACID, Isocyanuric Acid, Conditioner or Triazenetrione) – A chemical that helps reduce the excess loss of chlorine in water due to the ultraviolet rays of the sun.
STATIC COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION (C.O.F.) – Slip resistance. The degree of slip resistance presented in a quantitative number that expresses the degree of slip resistance.
STATIC HEAD – Head loss caused by the weight of a standing water column to be moved; encountered on both the suction and discharge sides of a pump.
STATIC SUCTION HEAD – The vertical dimension between the pump center line and the level of the liquid being pumped when it is below the impeller plane, expressed in feet of head.
STATIC SUCTION LIFT – The vertical distance in meters (or feet) from the center line of the pump impeller to the pool water level.
STEPS, RECESSED STEPS, LADDERS and RECESSED TREADS – Means of pool and spa ingress and egress. These elements are intended to be used separately or in conjunction with one another.
Step(s) – A riser/tread or series of risers/ treads extending down from the deck and terminating at the pool or spa floor. Includes recessed steps with risers located outside of user areas.
Ladder – A series of vertically separated treads or rungs connected by vertical rail members or independently fastened to an adjacent vertical pool wall (see ladder for definitions of particular ladder types).
Deck Ladder – Provides deck access from outside the pool or spa.
Recessed Treads – A series of vertically spaced cavities in the pool or spa wall, creating tread areas for step holes.
STRAINER BASKET – An easily removable, perforated or otherwise porous container used to catch coarse material in the pump lint strainer.
SUBSTRATE – The underlying support for ceramic tile installations.
SUCTION HEAD – Resistance to water flow encountered on the suction side of a pump, measured in feet of head. Reflects the vertical lift required by the pump's intake.
SUCTION OUTLET – An aperture or fitting, other than a skimmer, on the side wall of a pool or spa through which water under negative pressure (vacuum) is drawn from the pool or spa to the pump or circulation system.
SUCTION PIPING – Influent piping.
SUPERCHLORINATION – The practice of adding a sufficient amount of chlorinating compound to water to destroy chlorine demand compounds and any combined chlorine present. Generally, the level of chlorine added is 10 times the level of combined chlorine in the water. See also breakpoint chlorination.
SURFACE SKIMMING SYSTEM – Refers to perimeter-type overflows, surface skimmers and surface-water collection systems of various design and manufacture. See skimmer.
SWIMMING AREA – Any area of a pool more than three feet in water depth that is devoted to swimming.
SWIMMING POOL – Any structure intended for swimming or recreational bathing that contains water over 24" (610 mm) deep.
SWIMMING POOL (Indoor) – A swimming pool which is totally contained within a structure and surrounded on all four sides by the walls of the enclosing structure.
SWIMMING POOL (Outdoor) – Any swimming pool which is not an indoor swimming pool.
TAMPER-PROOF – Refers to equipment that requires the use of tools to alter or remove portions of the equipment.
TEMPERATURE FACTOR (TF) – Used when determining the Saturation Index.
TEMPERATURE RISE – The difference between the desired water temperature and the current water temperature.
TEST KIT – A device used to monitor specific chemical residual or demands in pool or spa water.
THERMOSTAT – A temperature-control device that cycles the heater on and off to maintain the desired temperature.
TIME CLOCK – A mechanical device that automatically controls the time periods that a pump, filter, heater, blower or other electrical device is in operation.
TIME DELAY – A time-controlled switch used to provide a rest period or to stop repeated false starts.
TITRATION – A method of testing the total alkalinity and calcium, and magnesium hardness, of pool, spa or hot tub water.
TOTAL ALKALINITY – A measure of the pH buffering capacity of water. Alkalinity is generally expressed in terms of the equivalent concentration of calcium carbonate in mg/l (or ppm).
TOTAL ALKALINITY FACTOR (TA) – Used when determining the Saturation Index.
TOTAL CHLORINE – The sum of both the free available and combined chlorines.
TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS (TDS) – A measure of the total amount of dissolved matter in water, e.g., calcium, magnesium, carbonates, bicarbonates, metallic compounds, etc.
TOTAL DYNAMIC HEAD – See feet of head.
TOXIC – Having an adverse physiological effect on human beings or other living organisms.
TRICHLORO-ISO-CYANURATE (also Trichloro-S Triazinetrione) – A form of organic chlorine, most common in compressed form (tablets or sticks), that has 90 percent or more available chlorine, approximately 55.5 percent stabilizer by weight, and an approximate pH of 2.9. See also sodium dichloroisocyanurate.
TURBIDITY – A cloudy condition of water due to the presence of extremely fine particles in suspension that interfere with the passage of light.
TURNOVER RATE – The period of time (usually expressed in hours) required to circulate a volume of water equal to the pool/spa capacity.
TWO-SPEED PUMP – A centrifugal pump with a motor that operates at two different RPM speeds.
ULTRA-VIOLET LIGHT – A component of sunlight which can be generated artificially. It can stimulate many types of organic molecules to become chemically reactive and can decompose a variety of chemical species. Can be used as a sanitizer supplement to inactivate microorganisms.
UNDERWATER LIGHT – A fixture designed to illuminate from beneath the water surface.
Dry Niche Light – A light unit placed behind a watertight window in a pool, spa or hot tub wall.
Wet Niche Light – A watertight and water-cooled light unit placed in a submerged niche in a pool, spa or hot tub wall and accessible only from the pool.
UPPER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM – A system designed to distribute the water entering a permanent medium filter while preventing movement or migration of the filter medium. Also properly collects water during filter backwashing unless other means are provided.
URETHANE – An elastomeric polymer with excellent chemical and water resistance. It can be difficult to install tile or stone directly to this type of membrane.
USER – Any person using a pool, spa or hot tub and adjoining deck area for the purpose of water sports, recreation, therapy or related activities.
USER LOAD – The number of people in the pool or spa area at any given moment or at any stated period of time.
VACUUM – The reduction of atmospheric pressure within a pipe, tank, pump or other vessel. Measured in inches of mercury. One inch of mercury equals 1.13' of head. The practical maximum vacuum is 30" of mercury, or 33.9' of head.
VACUUM FILTER – A filter, usually of diatomite type, through which water is pulled by a pump mounted on the effluent side of the filter.
VALVE – Any device in a pipe that will partially or totally obstruct the flow of water (as in a ball, gate or glove valve) or permit flow in only one direction (as in a check or foot valve).
Bleeder Valve – Allows air to be vented from a system.
Multiport Valve – Allows for multidirectional control of the flow of water through a system.
Push-Pull Valve – Allows for dual directional control of the flow of water through a system.
VELOCITY – The speed at which a liquid flows between two specified points, expressed in feet per second.
VELOCITY HEAD – The equivalent distance a liquid must fall to attain a given velocity. The amount of energy, expressed in feet of head, required to accelerate the liquid to a given velocity.
WATERPROOFING MEMBRANE – A covering applied to a substrate before tiling to protect the substrate and framing from damage by water.
WATER PRESSURE SWITCH – A switch that, from water flow, detects abnormally low pressures on a piece of equipment and can shut it off.
WATTS VALVE – A mechanical valve that opens with high pressure or high temperature, used as a safety device on fossil-fuel heaters.
WEIR – A device included with a through-the wall or over-the-wall skimmer that controls the amount of surface water (flow) drawn into the skimmer and filtration system. See also skimmer weir.
WET AREAS – Surfaces that are either soaked, saturated, or regularly and frequently subjected to moisture or liquids (usually water).
WET NICHE – See underwater light.
WINTERIZED LINER – A plastic liner that is manufactured with sufficient plasticizers to withstand exposure to its lowest rated temperature of -20°F (-29°C).
WINTERIZING – The process of preparing a pool or spa for freezing weather. Includes chemical treatment of the standing water, plus physical and chemical protection against freezing of the pool or spa, and its equipment.
WRINKLE – A small ridge or crease in an otherwise smooth surface.
1 http://www.allbusiness.com/arts-entertainment-recreation/507693-1.html
12.5 RESOURCE GUIDE – TRADE ORGANIZATIONS AND TECHNICAL RESOURCES
Technical Design Manual
Direct Adhered Ceramic Tile, Stone and Thin Brick Facades Technical Design Manual
Richard Goldberg, Architect AIA, CSI
c/o LATICRETE International, Inc.
1 LATICRETE Park North
Bethany, CT 06524
+1.203.393.0010
www.laticrete.com
Ceramic Tile Materials and Methods
Tile Council of North America, Inc. (TCNA)
100 Clemson Research Blvd.
Anderson, SC 29625
+1.864.646.8453
www.tileusa.com
Terrazzo, Tile & Marble Association of Canada
(TTMAC)
30 Capston Gate, Unit 5
Concord, Ontario, Canada L4K 3E8
+1.905.660.9640
www.ttmac.com
Ceramic Tile Institute of America, Inc. (CTIOA)
12061 West Jefferson
Culver City, CA 90230-6219
+1.310.574.7800
www.ctioa.org
Tile Contractors Association of America (TCAA)
4 East 113th Terrace
Kansas City, MO 64114
800.655.8453
www.tcaainc.org
National Tile Contractors Association (NTCA)
P.O. Box 13629
626 Lakeland East Dr.
Jackson, MS 39236
+1.601.939.2071
www.tile-assn.com
International Masonry Institute (IMI)
The James Brice House
42 East St.
Annapolis, MD 21401
+1.410.280.1305
www.imiweb.org
Natural Stone Methods and Materials
Marble Institute of America (MIA)
28901 Clemens Rd.
Westlake, OH 44145
+1.440.250.9222
www.marble-institute.com
Masonry Institute of America
22815 Frampton Ave.
Torrance, CA 90501-5034
800.221.4000
www.masonryinstitute.org
Thin Brick Masonry Materials and Methods
Brick Institute of America (BIA)
11490 Commerce Park Dr.
Suite 300
Reston, VA 22091
+1.703.620.0010
www.bia.org
International Masonry Institute (IMI)
The James Brice House
42 East St.
Annapolis, MD 21401
+1.410.280.1305
www.imiweb.org
Masonry Institute of America
22815 Frampton Ave.
Torrance, CA 90501-5034
800.221.4000
www.masonryinstitute.org
National Concrete Masonry Association (NCMA)
13750 Sunrise Valley Dr.
Herndon, VA 20171-4662
+1.703.713.1900
www.ncma.org
Concrete, Pre-Cast Concrete
Portland Cement Association
5420 Old Orchard Rd.
Skokie, IL 60077
+1.847.966.6200
www.cement.org
Pre-cast/Pre-stressed Concrete Institute (PCI)
209 West Jackson Blvd.
Chicago, IL 60606
+1.312.786.0300
www.pci.org
Wire Reinforcement Institute (WRI)
942 Main St.
Hartford, CT 06103
800.542.4974
www.wirereinforcement.org
American Concrete Institute (ACI)
P.O. Box 9094
Farmington Hills, MI 48333-9094
+1.248.848.3700
www.concrete.org
Test Standards and Building Codes
American Society for Testing & Materials
International (ASTM)
100 Barr Harbor Dr.
P.O. Box C700
West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959
+1.610.832.9585
www.astm.org
Materials and Methods Standards Association (MMSA)
P.O. Box 350
Grand Haven, MI 49417-0350
+1.616.842.7844
www.mmsa.ws
International Code Council (ICC)
4051 West Flossmoor Rd.
Country Club Hills, IL 60478-5795
888.422.7233
www.iccsafe.org
United States Green Building Council (USGBC)
1015 18th St., NW
Suite 508
Washington DC 20036
+1.202.828.7422
http://www.usgbc.org
American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
1819 L St., NW 6th Floor
Washington, DC 20036
+1.202.293.8020
ansi.org
International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
1, rue de Varembé, Casa postale 56
CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland
41 22 749 01 11
www.iso.org
National Institute of Building Sciences (NIBS)
1090 Vermont Ave., NW
Suite 700
Washington, DC 20005-4905
+1.202.289.7800
www.nibs.org
Sealants, Waterproofing and Adhesives
Sealant, Waterproofing & Restoration Institute (SWRI)
14 West 3rd St.
Suite 200
Kansas City, MO 64105
+1.816.472.7974
www.swrionline.com
Adhesive & Sealant Council, Inc.
7979 Old Georgetown Rd.
Suite 500
Bethesda, MD 20814
+1.301.986.9700
www.ascouncil.org
Cement Plaster/Render
International Institute for Lath & Plaster
P.O. Box 3922
Palm Desert, CA 92260-3922
+1.760.837.9094
www.iilp.org
Expansion Joints
Expansion Joints Manufacturers Association
25 North Broadway
Tarrytown, NY 10591
Fax: 914.332.1541
www.ejma.org
Swimming Pools and Spas
The Association of Pool and Spa Professionals (APSP)
2111 Eisenhower Ave.
Suite 500
Alexandria, VA 22314-4695
+1.703.838.0083
Fax: 703.549.0493
www.apsp.org
Plumbing
American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
Three Park Ave.
New York, NY 10016-5990
800.843.2763 (USA/Canada)
001.800.843.2763 (Mexico)
973.882.1170 (Outside North America)
www.asme.org